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Civil Litigation And Dispute Resolution In Turkey
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Civil Litigation And Dispute Resolution In Turkey
Mustafa GÖKSU
Sayfa Sayısı
:
526
Kitap Ölçüleri
:
16*24
Basım Yılı
:
2016
ISBN NO
:
9789755372365
1,0 / 5 Derecelendirme (1 Oylama)
4.800,00
TL CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................. 3
CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 5
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ 19
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ 27
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 29
A. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND
JUDICIAL STRUCTURE THEREOF...................................................29
B. CIVIL DISPUTE RESOLUTION METHODS IN TURKEY...................33
C. PROCEDURES FOR ENFORCEMENT WITHOUT A JUDGMENT
ACCORDING TO THE CODE OF COMPULSORY ENFORCEMENT
AND BANKRUPTCY .........................................................................35
CHAPTER ONE: CIVIL LITIGATION.............................................................. 41
A. GENERAL INFORMATION AND PRINCIPLES APPLIED .................41
I. Sources of Turkish Civil Procedure............................................................41
II. Courts .........................................................................................................44
1. The Court of Cassation and other High Courts...................................44
2. The Circuit Courts of Appeals............................................................46
3. Courts of First Instance.......................................................................47
III. Legal Professions........................................................................................50
1. Judge...................................................................................................50
a. General Information .......................................................................50
b. Civil and Disciplinary Liability of Judges......................................51
c. Disqualification and Recusal of Judges..........................................53
2. Lawyer (Attorney) ..............................................................................58
3. Civil Servants (Non-Judge Staff) Employed in Administrative
Offices of Courts .........................................................................................60
IV. Party Proceedings, Time Requirements and Restitution.............................61
1. Procedural Party Proceedings.............................................................61
2. Time Requirements and Computation Thereof...................................62
3. Yearly Judicial Recess........................................................................63
6 CONTENTS
4. Restitution (of a Time Requirement) ..................................................65
5. Judicial Service...................................................................................66
V. Principles Applied in Turkish Civil Procedure...........................................68
1. General Information............................................................................68
2. Disposition Principle ..........................................................................69
3. Principles of Party Presentation and Being Bound by the Scope of
Demand .......................................................................................................69
4. Consolidation Principle.......................................................................70
5. Governance and Administration of Procedure by the Judge...............71
6. Duty of the Judge to Clarify Action....................................................71
7. Right to a Fair Trial and Right be Duly Heard ...................................72
8. Principle of Public Hearings...............................................................73
9. Obligation of Parties and Their Attorneys to Act Honestly and
to Tell the Truth...........................................................................................74
10. Principle of Judicial (Procedural) Economy...................................75
11. Application of Law and Evaluation of Evidence............................76
12. Oral Procedure – Written Procedure and Principle of
Immediacy...................................................................................................77
13. Turkish as the Sole Language of Procedure and Proceedings........79
B. SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION AND VENUE............................79
I. General Information ...................................................................................79
II. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction.........................................................................80
III. Venue .........................................................................................................82
1. Principle Venue Rule ..........................................................................82
2. Special Non-Definitive Venue Rules..................................................84
3. Definitive Venue Rules.......................................................................85
4. Venue Agreements..............................................................................86
5. Lack of Venue and Consequences Thereof.........................................88
IV. Proceedings to be Carried out upon Dismissal of Action on
Grounds of Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction or Venue.........................88
C. PARTIES............................................................................................89
I. General Information ...................................................................................89
II. Capacity to be a Party.................................................................................91
CONTENTS 7
III. Capacity to Conduct Civil Proceedings and Legal
Representation ............................................................................................92
IV. Capacity to Litigate ....................................................................................94
V. Real Party in Interest ..................................................................................95
VI. Substitution of Parties.................................................................................96
VII. Party Representation (Attorneys) ...............................................................98
1. General Information............................................................................98
2. Power of Attorney and Scope Thereof................................................98
3. Actions, Resignation and Dismissal of Attorney ..............................101
VIII. Joinder of Parties......................................................................................102
1. General Information and Terminology .............................................102
2. Permissive Joinder of Parties............................................................102
3. Necessary Joinder of Parties.............................................................103
IX. Third Party Intervention through Filing Action........................................104
X. Supportive Third Party Intervention and Third Party
Notification...............................................................................................105
D. ACTION, PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS, COMMENCEMENT OF
ACTIONPARTIES ............................................................................107
I. Action in General .....................................................................................107
1. Types of Actions and Proceedings of Non-Contentious
Jurisdiction ................................................................................................107
2. Action for Performance ....................................................................109
3. Declaratory Action............................................................................109
4. Constructive Action ..........................................................................110
5. Indefinite Debt Action ......................................................................111
6. Action with Partial Claim .................................................................112
7. Other Types of Actions in Code of Civil Procedure .........................113
II. Procedural Requirements..........................................................................115
III. Complaint Pleading and Commencement of Action ................................116
1. In General .........................................................................................116
2. Complaint .........................................................................................117
3. Security.............................................................................................118
4. Legal Consequences of Commencement of Action ..........................120
8 CONTENTS
a. With Regard to Substantive Law..................................................120
b. With Regard to Procedural Law ...................................................121
IV. Answer Pleading and Defenses ................................................................122
1. Answer Pleading...............................................................................122
2. Substantive Law Defenses................................................................124
3. Procedural Law Defenses .................................................................125
V. Secondary Pleadings and Prohibition of Expansion and Change of Claim
and Defense ..............................................................................................127
E. PRE-TRIAL EXAMINATION, TRIAL AND ORAL
ARGUMENTS..................................................................................128
I. Pre-Trial Examination ..............................................................................128
1. Scope of Pre-Trial Examination Stage..............................................128
2. Pre-Trial Examination Hearing.........................................................129
3. Conclusion and Significance of Pre-Trial Examination....................130
II. Trial Stage ................................................................................................132
1. General Information..........................................................................132
2. Hearings and Consequences of Failing to Attend Thereto................133
3. Court Record.....................................................................................135
4. Preliminary and Prejudicial Questions..............................................137
5. Consolidation and Severance of Actions..........................................139
6. Amendment Procedure .....................................................................140
7. Hearing Parties and Questioning of Parties ......................................142
III. Conclusion of Trial and Oral Arguments Stage........................................145
F. COURT DECISIONS, JUDGMENT AND PARTY
PROCEEDINGS THAT TERMINATE ACTION ................................146
I. General Information and Terminology.....................................................146
II. Judgment ..................................................................................................147
1. General Information and Rendition of Judgment .............................147
2. Correction and Clarification of Judgment.........................................150
3. Res Judicata in Turkish Civil Procedure...........................................151
III. Party Proceedings that Terminate Action .................................................154
1. Waiver and Acknowledgement of Claim..........................................154
2. Settlement .........................................................................................155
CONTENTS 9
G. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE ..............................................................156
I. Actions and Proceedings to which Simplified Procedure is
Applied .....................................................................................................156
II. Commencement of Action and Procedure to be Followed .......................157
H. JUDICIAL COSTS AND JUDICIAL AID...........................................159
I. General Information and Scope of Judicial Costs.....................................159
II. Attorney Fee .............................................................................................163
III. Allocation of Judicial Costs......................................................................164
IV. Judicial Aid...............................................................................................167
I. PROVISIONAL LEGAL RELIEF ......................................................170
I. General Information and Types of Provisional Legal Reliefs ..................170
II. Provisional Remedy..................................................................................171
1. Definition, Scope and Examination ..................................................171
2. Execution of Provisional Remedy Decision and Complementary
Proceedings ...............................................................................................173
3. Objection Against the Provisional Remedy Decision And Appellate
Remedies...................................................................................................174
4. Compensation in Provisional Remedy..............................................175
III. Preliminary Discovery of Evidence..........................................................176
J. APPELLATE REMEDIES .................................................................179
I. General Information and Terminology.....................................................179
II. Appellate Remedies According to Code of Civil Procedure (to be
Implemented on 20.07.2016)....................................................................182
1. Intermediate Appeal..........................................................................182
a. Definition and Application...........................................................182
b. Procedure to be Followed.............................................................185
2. Appeal...............................................................................................188
a. General Information, Application, and Procedure to be
Followed ...............................................................................................188
b. Conclusion of Appellate Review..................................................191
c. Procedure upon Reversal..............................................................192
d. Appeal for the Benefit of the Statute ............................................194
10 CONTENTS
III. Appellate Remedies in Effect (until 20.07.2016) .....................................195
1. Appeal...............................................................................................195
2. Revision ............................................................................................198
IV. Extra-Ordinary Appellate Remedy: Renewal of Proceedings ..................200
1. Definition and Scope ........................................................................200
2. Time Limit and Application .............................................................202
3. Examination and Decision to be Rendered .......................................203
CHAPTER TWO: THE LAW OF EVIDENCE ................................................ 205
A. GENERAL INFORMATION AND ADMISSION OF FACTS..............205
B. RIGHT TO PROVE AND BURDEN OF PROOF ................................207
C. OFFERING AND PRESENTING EVIDENCE....................................208
D. EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE.....................210
E. EVIDENCE AGREEMENTS .............................................................211
F. EVIDENCE ......................................................................................212
I. General Information, Types of Evidence and
Res Judicata as Evidence..........................................................................212
II. Documents and Deeds..............................................................................213
1. Documents in General and Presentation Thereof..............................213
2. Commercial Books and Their Evidentiary Value .............................216
3. Deeds................................................................................................217
4. Denial of Writing or Signature .........................................................219
5. Rules of Documentary Proof and Their Exceptions .........................221
III. Oath ..........................................................................................................225
1. General Information..........................................................................225
2. Scope of Oath ...................................................................................226
3. Execution and Legal Consequences of Oath.....................................227
IV. Witness.....................................................................................................229
1. General Information and Scope ........................................................229
2. Summonses and Examination of Witnesses......................................230
3. Right to Refuse Testimony ...............................................................233
V. Expert Examination ..................................................................................235
1. General Information and Appointment.............................................235
CONTENTS 11
2. Scope of Expert Duty........................................................................237
3. The Expert Report.............................................................................240
4. Civil Liability of the Expert..............................................................241
VI. Inspection by Judge ..................................................................................242
VII. Specialist Opinion ....................................................................................243
CHAPTER THREE: (DOMESTIC) ARBITRATION...................................... 245
A. GENERAL INFORMATION AND PROVISIONS REGARDING
ARBITRATION................................................................................245
B. SCOPE OF THE ARBITRATION PROVISIONS IN THE CODE OF
CIVIL PROCEDURE ........................................................................247
C. ARBITRATION AGREEMENT.........................................................248
D. POWERS OF ARBITRATOR AND ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL .............250
E. SELECTION OF THE ARBITRATORS
AND THEIR RECUSAL....................................................................251
F. THE ARBITRATION PROCEDURE .................................................254
I. Determination of Procedure and Commencement of
Proceedings ..............................................................................................254
II. Holding Hearings and Duration of Arbitration.........................................256
III. Provisions Regarding Proof......................................................................257
G. ARBITRATION AWARD AND TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS257
H. ARBITRATORS’ FEES AND ARBITRATION COSTS ......................260
I. APPELLATE REMEDIES AGAINST
ARBITRATION AWARDS ...............................................................261
J. NOTABLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DOMESTIC ARBITRATION
RULES AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION RULES ................264
I. Provisional Legal Relief...........................................................................264
II. Proper Court .............................................................................................265
III. Time Requirements, Duration of Arbitration and Procedure
to be Applied ...........................................................................................266
12 CONTENTS
IV. Arbitration Awards, Appellate Remedies and Enforcement
of Awards.................................................................................................268
CHAPTER FOUR: ALTERNATIVE CIVIL DISPUTE RESOLUTION....... 271
A. GENERAL INFORMATION AND ACDR METHODS IMPLEMENTED
IN TURKEY.....................................................................................271
B. CONCILIATION POWER OF ATTORNEYS IN
CIVIL DISPUTES.............................................................................273
C. MEDIATION IN CIVIL DISPUTES (ACCORDING TO THE LAW ON
MEDIATION IN CIVIL DISPUTES)..................................................275
I. General Information and Scope ................................................................275
II. Mediator ...................................................................................................277
III. Mediation Process ....................................................................................281
IV. Termination of Mediation Process and Agreement Document.................283
APPENDIX I: CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE.............................................. 287
PART ONE...................................................................................................287
General Provisions.........................................................................................287
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................287
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, Venue and Designation of Proper Court ...................287
SECTION ONE.........................................................................................287
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction .......................................................................287
SECTION TWO........................................................................................289
Venue ........................................................................................................289
SECTION THREE ....................................................................................293
Proceedings to be Carried out upon Dismissal on Grounds of Lack of
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction or Venue and Designation of Proper Court...293
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................295
Principles Governing Procedure .............................................................................295
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................297
Disqualification, Recusal and Civil Liability of Judge ...........................................297
SECTION ONE.........................................................................................297
Disqualification and Recusal of Judge from Trying the Action ................297
CONTENTS 13
SECTION TWO........................................................................................304
Civil Liability of Judge..............................................................................304
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................306
Parties and Third Party Interveners in Action ........................................................306
SECTION ONE.........................................................................................306
Capacity of Parties.....................................................................................306
SECTION TWO........................................................................................308
Joinder of Parties.......................................................................................308
SECTION THREE ....................................................................................309
Third Party Notification and Intervention in Action .................................309
SECTION FOUR ......................................................................................312
Party Representation in Litigation.............................................................312
SECTION FIVE ........................................................................................316
Security......................................................................................................316
CHAPTER SIX ......................................................................................................318
Time Requirements, Restitution and Judicial Recess.............................................318
SECTION ONE.........................................................................................318
Time Requirements ...................................................................................318
SECTION TWO........................................................................................319
Restitution .................................................................................................319
SECTION THREE ....................................................................................321
Judicial Recess ..........................................................................................321
PART TWO..................................................................................................323
Types of Actions, Procedural Requirements and
Preliminary Objections.......................................................................323
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................323
Types of Actions.....................................................................................................323
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................326
Procedural Requirements and Preliminary Objections...........................................326
SECTION ONE.........................................................................................326
Procedural Requirements...........................................................................326
SECTION TWO........................................................................................327
Preliminary Objections..............................................................................327
14 CONTENTS
PART THREE ..............................................................................................328
Written Procedure..........................................................................................328
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................328
Commencement of Action......................................................................................328
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................331
Answer ..................................................................................................................331
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................334
Response to Answer and Second Answer Pleadings..............................................334
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................334
Pre-Trial Examination ............................................................................................334
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................337
Trial and Special Matters in the Course of Trial.....................................................337
SECTION ONE.........................................................................................337
Trial...........................................................................................................337
SECTION TWO........................................................................................338
Hearing ......................................................................................................338
SECTION THREE ....................................................................................344
Preliminary Question and Prejudicial Question.........................................344
SECTION FOUR ......................................................................................345
Joinder and Severance of Actions .............................................................345
SECTION FIVE ........................................................................................346
Questioning of Parties ...............................................................................346
SECTION SIX...........................................................................................349
Amendment and Correction of Factual Errors...........................................349
CHAPTER SIX ......................................................................................................351
Conclusion of Trial and Oral Arguments ...............................................................351
PART FOUR ................................................................................................352
Proof and Evidence........................................................................................352
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................352
General Provisions..................................................................................................352
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................355
CONTENTS 15
Document and Deed ...............................................................................................355
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................365
Oath ..................................................................................................................365
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................369
Witness ..................................................................................................................369
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................377
Expert Examination ................................................................................................377
CHAPTER SIX ......................................................................................................384
Inspection by Judge ................................................................................................384
CHAPTER SEVEN................................................................................................386
Specialist Opinion ..................................................................................................386
PART FIVE ..................................................................................................387
Judgment and Party Proceedings that Terminate the Action...............................387
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................387
Judgment ................................................................................................................387
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................391
Correction and Clarification of Judgment ..............................................................391
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................392
Party Proceedings that Terminate the Action .........................................................392
PART SIX ....................................................................................................394
Simplified Procedure .....................................................................................394
PART SEVEN ..............................................................................................397
Judicial Costs and Judicial Aid .......................................................................397
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................397
Judicial Costs..........................................................................................................397
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................402
Judicial Aid.............................................................................................................402
PART EIGHT ...............................................................................................405
16 CONTENTS
Appellate Remedies.......................................................................................405
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................405
Intermediate Appeal ...............................................................................................405
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................414
Appeal ..................................................................................................................414
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................421
Renewal of Proceedings .........................................................................................421
PART NINE .................................................................................................425
Non-Contentious Jurisdiction..........................................................................425
PART TEN ...................................................................................................432
Provisional Legal Relief.................................................................................432
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................432
Provisional Remedy................................................................................................432
Preliminary Discovery of Evidence and Other Types of Provisional Reliefs.........438
PART ELEVEN ............................................................................................440
Arbitration ....................................................................................................440
PART TWELVE ...........................................................................................458
Final Provisions.............................................................................................458
APPENDIX II: PROVISIONS OF THE PREVIOUS CODE OF CIVIL
PROCEDURE (1927-CoCP) REGARDING APPELLATE PROCEDURE
THAT ARE IN EFFECT UNTIL 20.07.2016..................................................... 463
APPENDIX III: CODE OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION ................. 473
CHAPTER ONE ...........................................................................................473
General Provisions.........................................................................................473
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................475
Arbitration Agreement ...................................................................................475
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................477
Selection of Arbitrator or Arbitral Tribunal, Recusal, Liability, Termination of Duty
and Powers Thereof ...........................................................................477
CONTENTS 17
CHAPTER FOUR .........................................................................................481
Procedure in Arbitration.................................................................................481
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................490
Appellate Remedy Against Arbitration Awards................................................490
CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................493
Arbitration Costs ...........................................................................................493
CHAPTER SEVEN .......................................................................................495
Final Provisions.............................................................................................495
APPENDIX IV: LAW ON MEDIATION IN CIVIL DISPUTES .................... 497
CHAPTER ONE ...........................................................................................497
Purpose, Scope and Definitions.......................................................................497
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................498
General Principles Regarding Mediation..........................................................498
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................500
Rights and Obligations of Mediators ...............................................................500
CHAPTER FOUR .........................................................................................502
Mediation Process .........................................................................................502
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................505
Registry of Mediators.....................................................................................505
CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................507
Mediation Training and Training Institutions ...................................................507
CHAPTER SEVEN .......................................................................................509
Organization and Duties.................................................................................509
CHAPTER EIGHT ........................................................................................513
Punitive Provisions........................................................................................513
CHAPTER NINE ..........................................................................................513
Final and Transitional Provisions....................................................................513
18 CONTENTS
APPENDIX V: GLOSSARY (TURKISH – ENGLISH) ................................... 516
PUBLICATIONS BY MUSTAFA GÖKSU ....................................................... 525
PUBLICATIONS LIST OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BANKING
AND COMMERCIAL LAW 2015 ...................................................................... 527
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